#EHC2026 – Ways of Being: Equid Experiences of the Five Domains

Since the idea of the EHC came together ten years ago this July, there has been one common request: we should meet in Kentucky!

We are incredibly excited to be able to announce our two year collaboration with the Kentucky Historical Society. We will have a special session at this year’s virtual conference to learn more about the collections and programs at KHS, and next year we will, at last, meet in Kentucky.

Due to this exciting collaboration, we have also decided to extend the deadline for this year’s virtual conference to August 15. Please see the CFP below and let us know if you intend on submitting a paper or have any questions. 

About KHS

The Kentucky Historical Society is home to a host of invaluable equine archival collectionsand associated objects. The crown jewel of the KHS equine collections is the Alexander Family/Woodburn Farm Collection, 74 cubic feet of material chronicling five generations of family members (1509–1969) and the extensive involvement in livestock and horse breeding—the most famous horse from Woodburn farm being Lexington, purchased in 1856. Other collections pertaining to equine history include the Gist Family Papers, H. L. Martin Papers, Doram-Rowe Family Collection, and Hughes Family Papers. KHS is also conveniently located near other libraries, archives, universities, and museums in the state, including the Keeneland Library, the Kentucky Derby Museum, and more.

To learn more about KHS’s fellowship program, click here.

For an overview of KHS’s collections previously written by the EHC, click here.


Equine History Collective Virtual Annual Conference 2026

Ways of Being: Equid Experiences of the Five Domains

September 25-27, 2026

How can we understand historical equid experiences? That question is so often at the heart of our work as horsetorians. In veterinary and animal welfare studies, the Five Domains Model is a means of measuring the impact of survival- and situation-related factors on the subjective experiences of more-than-human animals to determine their welfare states. First developed in 1994 by D.J. Mellor and C.S.W. Reid, the framework examines the interrelated conditions of nutrition, physical environment, health, and behavior. In 2020, Mellor et. al. updated the model to emphasize the role human-animal interaction plays in creating animals’ welfare states. Models from other fields of study, like the Five Domains, can become powerful lenses of inquiry for our work in animal history.

For our 2026 virtual conference, the Equine History Collective invites a wide range of proposals exploring historical equid ways of being inspired by the Five Domains Model. How do we understand and investigate historical equid experiences? Can frameworks like the Five Domains Model guide our research? What do we learn when we center these species-specific factors in our study of the past? Is it even possible to understand historical equids’ affective states and how might equid  histories change if we pursue them? 


Proposals should fall into one of the following categories:

The conference will take place roughly between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. EDT. As a virtual conference, proposals for pre-recorded individual papers will also be accepted for anyone who would like to add special media or demonstrations that would be difficult to accomplish in real-time. We also accept proposals for alternative presentations. 

Panel Session (3 to 4 speakers)

Panel proposals should include: 

  • Panelists’ names and one-page C.V.s 
  • Name and contact for panel organizer
  • Panel abstract (150 words or less) 
  • Individual abstracts (250 words or less, ea.)

Individual Paper (presentation 15-20 minutes)

Proposal should include: 

  • Name and one-page C.V. 
  • Abstract (250 words or less)

Alternative Presentations: 

These presentations might not fit the conventional format of a paper presentation or panel but offer alternative ways to explore the conference theme. These could include but aren’t limited to performances, film presentations, gallery-style exhibits, etc. 

Proposal should include:

  • Name and one-page C.V. 
  • Abstract/description (250 words or less)
  • Presentation format description (250 words or less)
  • Estimated duration 

Please submit all materials by August 15, 2026 and direct any questions to EquineHistory@gmail.com.

Please notify us as soon as possible if you intend on submitting a paper. 

The EHC values collaborations regardless of institutional affiliation. The organization is committed to accessibility and inclusion. Please let us know of any accessibility concerns or requests. 

EHC 2025: Horse Sense & Sensibility

Registration & Conference Schedule

Click here for registration

EHC 2025 Online Conference Schedule

(All times Eastern Time)

Friday, September 26

Morning Coffee Zoom Session

8:30 – 9:00am 

Session I: Horse sense and allyship in equine-human relationships

9:00 – 11:00am

Charlotte Carrington-Farmer

Anna Neilsen

Leigh Houck

Coffee Break Zoom Session

11:00 – 11:30am

Lunch Break

11:30am – 12:30pm

Session II: No hoof, no horse sensible farriers

12:30 – 2:30pm

Robin Bledsoe

Fran Jurga

Ada Gates

Keynote Address

2:30 – 3:30pm 

“A Different Gait: The Archaeology of Indigenous Horse Adoption on the Southern Plains”

Dr. Brandi Bethke

Saturday, September 27

Morning Coffee Zoom Session

8:30 – 9:00 am

Session III: Royalty, politics, religion, and the manipulation of horse sense

9:00am – 12:30pm 

Stephanie McGucken

Keri Blair

Elizabeth Leet

Christian Krueger

Karina Povsteva

Lunch Break

12:30 – 1:30pm

Session IV: Johnson & Wales University Student Lightning Round Presentations

1:30 – 2:30pm 

Session V: Racing senses

2:30 – 4:00pm 

Kayla Adgate

Deborah A. Mulligan

Sunday, September 28

Morning Coffee Zoom Session

8:30 – 9:00am

Session VI: Military horse-sense

9:00 – 11:30am 

Jane Flynn

Emily Oakes

Camille Vo Van Qui

Christian Gunderman

Session VII: Equine Sensibilities and Human Intelligence

11:30am – 1:30pm

Sarah Duncan

Christina Hansen

Abby Letteri

Closing Remarks

1:30 – 2:00pm 

EHC Business Meeting (all members welcome)

2:00 – 3:00pm 

horses on the riverbank

EHC Coffee Chat with Dr. David Jones

Please join us in our next Coffee Chat.

When: Thursday, May 29, 2025, 1pmEST/12pmCST/10amPST/3pmBRT/7pmNZDT/6pmWET

Where: Zoom    https://zoom.us/j/94612468734

Who:     Dr. David Jones

Dr. David Jones is a veterinarian, zoologist, and Founding Chairman of Brooke USA, having helped to lead the organization since its inception in 2007 and more recently, driving its success since 2016 when it rebranded with a new mission and focus. Brooke USA is committed to significantly improving the welfare of working horses, donkeys, and mules and the people they serve throughout Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, and the Caribbean.

Picture of “Clever Girl” and Dr. Jones. “Clever Girl” is owned by Matt Shiflet. Picture credit Matt Shiflet.

In total, Dr. Jones has dedicated 54 years to volunteering for the Brooke nonprofit family, and has served in several leadership capacities and in many roles, including Trustee, Vice Chairman, Chairman and Honorary Vice President of Brooke International.

He is Director Emeritus of the North Carolina Zoo, having run it for 22 years. Dr. Jones was previously CEO of the Zoological Society of London and has spent his extensive career in the wildlife and zoo management field, working in more than 50 countries – mainly in Africa and the Middle East.

Dr. Jones helped pioneer the use of anesthetic drugs in large wild mammals and was one of the first to use fiber optics in animal surgery. During his time at the London Zoo, he built a sizeable zoo consultancy, focusing particularly on the Mediterranean and Arabian Gulf regions. He has consulted in more than 50 countries and has been involved in the design, development and management of over 30 zoos during his extensive career.

Dr. Jones served on the councils of both World Wildlife Fund (WWF) U.S. and U.K. and is a former chairman of Fauna and Flora International, the world’s oldest international conservation organization. Dr. Jones is a past Chairman of The Environmental Defense Fund for North Carolina and is founder Chairman of Wild Welfare, the only not for profit specializing in improving the welfare of animals in zoos and animal sanctuaries mostly in developing countries.

EHC Coffee Chat with Dr. Kathryn Renton

When: Thursday, April 24, 2025 1pm (EDT)/10am (PDT)/7pm (CEST)

Where: Online via Zoom

Kathryn Renton (B.A. Harvard, M.A. and Ph.D, UCLA), is a historian and
communications specialist at the Getty Research Institute. In her research, she explores
the more than human early modern world, interested in the ways non-human animals
and environments have contributed to historical change. She has taught in Los Angeles
at Occidental College and UCLA where she currently teaches a course for the Food
Studies minor.


Kathryn will speak about her latest book Feral Empire: Horse and Human in the Early
Modern Iberian World
(Cambridge University Press, 2024). In the first century of Spanish
colonization, horses spread dramatically throughout the Americas. While horses were
brought and bred to invade and colonize Indigenous kingdoms in the Americas, horses
also became a notable feature of American landscapes and emerging Native equestrian
practices. Relationships with equine shaped strategies of colonization and resistance,
and a focus on these human-equine relationships illuminates dynamic instability within
colonial ideals of domestication, purity, and empire. This multispecies history brings to
light key “feral” dynamics at work in the more-than-human early modern Iberian world
during a key period of global change.

Join the conversation with on at this link.

#EHC 2025:Horse Sense and Sensibility

This Equine History Collective will meet in person for our annual conference at Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island from September 26 – 28, 2025. The theme for this years conference is “Horse Sense and Sensibility”

We invite submissions for papers, panel sessions, and alternative presentations that connect to broad explorations of the notion of horse-sense in history from a variety of perspectives, eras, and geographies. How have our interactions created the thing we perceive as horse-sense? What are the historical moments that have produced the reliability of horse-sense and its applications? How have our sensibilities towards equids changed? How have equids’ sensibilities towards us changed? We invite scholars, practitioners, enthusiasts, and other students of equine history to submit work exploring the ways in which we understand, misunderstand, and make meaning together with equids. 

Proposals should fall into one of the following categories:

 Panel proposals (3 to 4 speakers) should include: 

  • Panelists’ names and one-page C.V.s 
  • Name and contact for panel organizer
  • Panel abstract (150 words or less) 
  • Individual abstracts (250 words or less, ea.)

Individual paper proposals (presentation 15-20 minutes) should include

  • Name and one-page C.V. 
  • Abstract (250 words or less)

Alternative presentations: 

These presentations might not fit the conventional format of a paper presentation or panel but offer alternative ways to explore the conference theme. These could include but aren’t limited to performances, film presentations, gallery-style exhibits, etc. 

Proposal should include:

  • Name and one-page C.V. 
  • Abstract/description (250 words or less)
  • Presentation format description (250 words or less)
  • Estimated duration 

Please submit all materials by April 1, 2025 and direct any questions to admin@equinehistory.org.

The EHC 2025 conference call for papers

EHC Coffee Chat with Ana Lucia Camphora

Join us for the first Equine History Collective Coffee Chat of 2025!

Who: Ana Lucia Camphora

When: Thursday January 30,2025 at 1pm EST/6pm GMT

Where: https://zoom.us/j/93147419918?pwd=TiR4M5CukIIIMculVvPK7iqsrNwVOV.1

Meeting ID: 931 4741 9918

Passcode: 533062

Ana Lucia Camphora is a Brazilian Psychologist, with a Master Degree in Psycho-sociology of Communities and Social Ecology and PhD in Social Sciences.  With a focus on inter-species studies, Ana Lucia has taught postgraduate courses in Environmental Law and Animals in Law. Since 2001, she has contributed as a senior researcher for the Center for Contemporary Equine Studies (California, USA), were she examines the contemporary history of the use of horses as raw material in antivenom production. She has also been the Associate Director of the CCES since 2004.

Join us January 30th to learn more about Ana Lucia’s research on interspecies relationships and equine welfare!

For a sneak peak, check out this video clip!

The Book: Animals and society in Brazil from the 16th to the 19th century was published in 2017 Portuguese in Brazil. In 2021, its English edition was released by The White Horse Press. This book presents a pioneering overview of how colonial relations encompass interspecies relations, based in an interface between the fields of human-animal studies, colonialism, and environmental history.

We look forward to seeing everyone on the 30th!

#EHC2024: Keynote Speakers

The 2024 Equine History Collective conference ‘Tech-quids across Time’ is fast approaching. This online conference, hosted by Johnson & Wales University, will take place from September 19-21.  Registration is required to attend the conference, and you can do so via our online registration form.

This year we are thrilled to have  two fantastic keynote speakers: Jacquelynn Holly and Lynne Ferguson!

Jacquelynn Holly: Keynote presentation Friday September 20th, 3:00-4:00pm EDT

Jacquelynn Holly, a dedicated equestrienne with a penchant for the past, found her passion in the elegant world of sidesaddles. Her journey began in 2013 when she stepped into the enchanting realm of Victorian reenactment. Little did she know that this initial curiosity would blossom into a lifelong devotion to preserving and reviving the art of sidesaddle riding.

Jacquelynn Holly and her mule Rosy with one of the saddles she has restored.

As Jacquelynn delved deeper into the world of sidesaddles, her fascination evolved into a mission. She realized these beautiful relics needed more than admiration—they needed restored, but restored to be used, as there is a finite number of functionally, safe sidesaddles in the world, and no one is building new Western sidesaddle trees.  Guided by her passion, she embarked on a journey to learn the art of rebuilding and restoring sidesaddles by disassembling and studying those in her own ever growing and ever changing private collection. Jacquelynn’s workshop became a sanctuary for these forgotten treasures. The collection is an eclectic assortment of Western, English, Icelandic, Mexican and Peruvian, from all eras of their evolution. Some had great potential, while others had no value and might otherwise be dubbed “wreckers”. Others, in decent condition, should still only be used for conversation pieces and decor. Today, Jacquelynn continues to meticulously disassemble sidesaddles, study their construction, and breathe new life into them. Each stitch, each pattern, carries the secrets of lost history. Jacquelynn revels in the challenge of preserving authenticity while ensuring functionality, and giving these pieces of art the opportunity to serve another 150 years. She takes great pride in uncovering the history behind each sidesaddle – who owned it, who made it, where it came from and where it is going. Her restorations go beyond leather and delve deep into history itself. She is also the founder of the Idaho Sidesaddle Association in 2018. The vision of the ISA is to promote historical education by riding in various styles of sidesaddles. Sidesaddles, having evolved across different cultures and eras, hold stories of elegance, resilience, and femininity. The association aims to weave these narratives into the practice of riding aside and it hosts an annual clinic in May in addition to participating in different events and educating the younger generation about sidesaddle to foster intergenerational learning and preserve the rich history of this discipline.

Lynne Ferguson: Keynote presentation Saturday September 21, 2:00-3:00pm EDT

Lynne Ferguson is the founder of the Native Horsemanship Youth Program, a non-profit free program serving low income youth and youth with disabilities that Lynne founded in 1998. She is also a singer/songwriter and musician with a long and successful career in many music genres, and live performances and music sales help support the program, as well as grants and private donations. All proceeds from her music benefit the Native Horsemanship Youth Program. You can find her music on YouTube and Spotify.

Lynne Ferguson wth one of her horses.

The Native Horsemanship Youth Program operates on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in Suquamish, Washington. Lynne’s great grandfather had Eastern Band Cherokee descendancy but grew up in Comanche country and learned his horsemanship skills there, which he taught to her grandma, and great-grandma, and they taught Lynne what they had learned. These methods rely on developing a close bond with your horse and this bonding experience is exceptionally healing to children who have experienced trauma. The methods respect the horse’s nature, and the participants learn to communicate with their horses using breath, body language, and intention. They use horses they have bred, raised, and trained to work with youth and adults with disabilities and/or on the autism spectrum. They are now serving their second generation of students.  Lynne lives in a cabin – off the grid and on the Port Madison Reservation – surrounded by the horses and the natural beauty of the northwest.  Her life and passions are music and working with these horses to help children grow and thrive.

EHC logo

#EHC2024: Conference Program and Registration

Hurrah!!! The annual Equine History Collective conference is fast approaching. This year’s virtual conference runs from September 19-21, and is being hosted by Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island. The theme of the conference is ‘Tech-equids across Time’ and we are super excited for our line-up of presenters, including two fantastic keynote speakers.  Make sure you register for this fantastic equid event! A reminder that EHC members get discounted registration rates.

The complete conference program can be found below and on the 2024 Conference Page.

Christian Krueger, our fabulous EHC treasurer and artist extraordinaire has once again designed our conference logo.  We all think it is pretty awesome, and it can also be found on our 2024 conference merchandise, which can be purchased through Bonfire.

EHC logo

EHC + Cheiron present: Horse training and management in the medieval period

 

The Equine History Collective and Cheiron, the International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History are delighted to invite you to the second horse training seminar: ”Horse training and management in the Medieval period”, the first in a series of lectures on horse training from the Middle Ages.

Was medieval horsemanship cruel and abusive? Or did it, on the contrary, foster an ideal relationship of loyalty and companionship between the horse and the rider, epitomised by the practice of chivalry? Evidence gleaned from hippiatric treatises, administrative documents, romances, illuminations and legal sources suggests that it could be both. In this sessions, the authors will focus on the care and training practices showing both sides of the coin of medieval European horsemanship.

To join the event, click here.

Download the poster here.

To see the event on Facebook, click here.

Watch the recorded event here:

More information about our speakers:

Emma Herbert Davies is a PhD candidate at the Institute for Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds. Her thesis is on the warhorses used in English armies in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. She has been riding and training horses for almost four decades and has competed in several hunt races.

SELECT PUBLICATIONS:

David Jones and Emma Herbert-Davies, ‘Evaluation of Mail Horse-Armour’, EXARC (2022), 1-9.

Emma Herbert-Davies, ‘Appraising the Warhorse: Restaurum Equorum in the Reigns of Edward I and II’, in Historical Practices in Horsemanship and Equestrian Sports, ed. by Anastasija Ropa and Timothy Dawson (Budapest: Trivent, 2022), pp. 141-58.

Jennifer Jobst is an independent scholar with a PhD in Information Sciences and a long-standing interest in horse training techniques of the pre-modern era, as well as their practical application and relationship to modern riding. She has presented at several conferences and authored papers on riding and training: from thirteenth century hippiatric treatises, to furusiyya books from the Mamluk golden age, to sixteenth century riding performances and their relationship to dance. She also experiments with the techniques and exercises from original sources with her own horses, to better understand the skill and practical application of pre-modern texts.

SELECT PUBLICATIONS

Jennifer Jobst, “Horse Training in the Thirteenth Century: Insights from Jordanus Rufus,” in The Liminal Horse: Equitation and Boundaries, ed. Rena Maguire and Anastasija Ropa (Budapest: Trivent, 2021).

Jennifer Jobst, “Practical Advice on Equine Care from Jordanus Rufus, c. 1250 CE,” in The Materiality of the Horse, ed. Miriam A. Bibby and Brian G. Scott (Budapest: Trivent, 2020).

Anastasija Ropa is lead researcher at the Department of Sports Management and Communication Studies of the Latvian Academy of Sport Education. She is co-editor of the Rewriting Equestrian History series of books and the Cheiron journal.

SELECT PUBLICATIONS

Anastasija Ropa, Practical Horsemanship in Medieval Arthurian Romance (Budapest: Trivent, 2019).

Edgar Rops is a Latvia-based independent researcher. Edgar studied law at the University of Latvia and Bangor University (UK). His research focuses on Welsh law and the history and folklore of premodern Livonia.

SELECT PUBLICATIONS

EHC + Cheiron present: Horse training and management in ancient Egypt and beyond

The Equine History Collective and Cheiron, the International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History are delighted to invite you to the seminar ”Horse training and management in ancient Egypt and beyond”, the first in a series of lectures on horse training from the ancient world to the modern day.

To join the event, click here.

To see the event on Facebook, click here.

To see the recording, click here:

More information about our speakers:

Miriam Bibby FSA Scot FRHistS is an equine historian, author, and editor. She is co-editor-in-chief of Cheiron, the International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History and an affiliate of the University of Glasgow’s School of Interdisciplinary Studies. Miriam is a former course developer for the University of Manchester’s networked learning course in Egyptology and has worked for several museums and heritage organisations. She was the founder of Ancient Egypt Magazine. Miriam’s MPhil topic was the Horse in Ancient Egypt. She subsequently gained a PhD on the subject of the little-known Galloway horse.

SELECT PUBLICATIONS:

Bibby, Miriam A. “‘They Shall Henceforth Be Fed in my Presence’: Observations on the Training and Treatment of Chariot Horses in Ancient Egypt.” Chariots in Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Joost Crouwel ed. Peter Raulwing, Stefan Burmeister, Gail Brownrigg, and Katheryn M. Linduff, 67-82. Oxford: BAR Publishing, 2023.

Bibby, Miriam A. “The Arrival of the Horse in Egypt: New Approaches and a Hypothesis.” Current Research in Egyptology III ed. Rachel Ives, Daniel Lines, Christopher Naunton, and Nina Wahlberg, 13-18.  Oxford: Archaeopress, 2003.

Bibby, Miriam A. “Egyptian horses and chariots: a metaphor for control.” Tracking-up Winter 2008 – 2009, 18-20.

ABSTRACT

Back in the 1990s, I chose the horse in ancient Egypt as a topic for my Certificate in Egyptology dissertation, and subsequently received the Egyptology Certificate with Distinction. This encouraged me to research an MPhil on the same topic. From foundational work we are now at a point where scholars take a more nuanced, informed and equid-focussed approach to the topic. This I aimed to do in a recently published paper “‘They Shall Henceforth Be Fed in my Presence’: Observations on the Training and Treatment of Chariot Horses in Ancient Egypt” in Chariots in Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Joost Crouwel. My presentation draws on this chapter to encourage further debate and research into how horses were trained and managed in ancient Egypt. This treatment was not only influenced by the needs of the horses themselves, but also intended to maintain the complex vision of order – Ma’at – within the Egyptian cosmos.

Lonneke Delpeut is a PhD-student at the Institute of Egyptology, specialising in the art history and visual culture of ancient Egypt. Her BA-thesis was about the role of the image of the horse as a status symbol in Egyptian private tombs, looking at how images of horses were used by the tomb owners to show how special they were. Her MA-thesis specialised more in visual studies and looked at images of horses as a source of information by differentiating what is depicted from how it is depicted. Her PhD project proposal is a direct result of the work done in her MA-thesis.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Delpeut, L.P.P., Rogner, F., (in press), ‘The King Himself Training His Horses: Two New Perspectives on an Unusual Scene in Ramses III’s Temple at Medinet Habu’, Göttinger Miszellen.

Delpeut, L.P.P., Willekes, C., 2023, ‘Reality as a Representational Strategy in Depictions of Horses in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Art: How Purpose Influences Appearance’, Arts 2023, 12(2), 57.

Delpeut, L.P.P., 2021c, ‘What makes a Horse a Horse? Configurational Aspects of Ancient Egyptian Equines’, Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History: Nov. 2021, Trivent Publishing: Hungary, 1-45.

ABSTRACT

Lonneke Delpeut will present her upcoming article about the earliest two-dimensional depiction of horse training in history, located in the temple of Medinet Habu in Luxor, Egypt. This scene, of which you see a sneak preview on the poster, shows a group of horses being part of a desensitising training, commonly used to prepare horses for stressful situations. This type of training is still used for military and police horses to this day. In addition to that, she will touch upon some archaeological remains that hint at how horses were kept in ancient Egypt.

Alberto Maria Pollastrini obtained his PhD in Egyptology from Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris in 2021. He is currently a member of the Research Unit AOROC – Archaeology & Philology of the East and West at Paris Sciences and Letters University, France. He specializes in Egyptian and Western Asiatic warfare and hoplology, particularly from the New Kingdom and Late Period. He also participated in excavation campaigns in Egypt and Italy.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Pollastrini A. M. (Forthcoming). Helmets and Body Armour in New Kingdom Egypt, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK.

Pollastrini A. M., “The Body Armour of Ramesses II” in: Mohamed Raafat Abbas and Friedhelm Hoffmann (eds.), Perspectives on the Ramesside Military System, Ägypten und Altes Testament (121), Munster. Zaphon Verlag, 2023, pp. 125-136.

Pollastrini A. M., “Les artisans armouriers et leur ateliers au Nouvel Empire” Égypte Afrique et Orient 106, 2022, pp. 37-44.

ABSTRACT

What is our current understanding of ancient Egyptian horsemanship?

The recent discovery of King Seneb-kay’s tomb at Abydos has helped strengthen the old theory that horses were ridden before the introduction of the war chariot during the 17th Dynasty, perhaps even in the Middle Kingdom. But how extensive is our current knowledge of ancient Egyptian horsemanship? The answer may be disappointing, considering the absence of written sources and the scarcity of iconographic sources. However, the few data available are not without significance. According to images, Egyptian equestrian traditions were far more advanced than generally assumed, especially about warfare. In this instance, we can assume that horses and riders received quite different physical and military training from the crews and steeds of war chariots, but in both cases, it was repetitive and harsh. Training for mounted archery probably had to be even more rigorous to enable the perfect synergy between man and horse, which formed the most effective ‘weapon system’ of antiquity.